In April 1919, a German architect named Walter Gropius printed a manifesto on the cover of a four-page broadsheet. At the top was a woodcut by Lyonel Feininger: a cathedral, rendered as a jagged, expressionistic structure of light and form. Below it, Gropius declared: "The ultimate aim of all visual arts is the complete building." He was announcing the founding of a school called the Staatliches Bauhaus, in the small city of Weimar, Germany. The school would abolish the distinction between fine art and craft, between artist and artisan, between beauty and function. Students would learn painting, sculpture, architecture, metalwork, weaving, typography, and stage design under a single roof. The Bauhaus would last only fourteen years, closing under Nazi pressure in 1933. In that time, it became the most influential art and design school in history.
The Bauhaus was a school, a movement, and a philosophy. It was founded in Weimar in 1919, moved to Dessau in 1925, and to Berlin in 1932, before being dissolved by the Nazis in 1933. Its core idea was that art and craft should be unified into a single discipline, and that good design should serve the needs of modern industrial society. The Bauhaus developed a curriculum that combined foundational design education with specialized workshops, producing artists who could design for mass production. Its faculty included some of the most important artists of the 20th century, and its approach to design education is still the model used in art and architecture schools worldwide.
This entry covers what the Bauhaus was, how it operated across its three locations, which artists and teachers defined it, and how a school that lasted fourteen years became the foundation of modern design.
What Was the Bauhaus?
The Bauhaus was a school of art, design, and architecture that operated in Germany from 1919 to 1933. Its name combines the German words for "building" (Bau) and "house" (Haus), reflecting Gropius's ambition to reunite all the arts under the framework of architecture. The school rejected the traditional academic separation between fine art (painting, sculpture) and applied art (craft, design, industrial production). Instead, it treated them as a single field with a common foundation.
The Bauhaus curriculum had two parts. The first was the Vorkurs, or preliminary course, a six-month introduction to the basic elements of design: color, form, material, and composition. This course was developed by Johannes Itten and later refined by Josef Albers and László Moholy-Nagy. Every student, regardless of their intended specialization, took the same Vorkurs. The second part was the workshop system, in which students apprenticed in specialized workshops: metal, wood, weaving, pottery, typography, wall painting, and stage design. Each workshop was led by two masters: a Form Master (an artist who taught formal principles) and a Workshop Master (a craftsman who taught technical skills).
A 2024 study published in the Journal of Economic Geography examined the Bauhaus as a case of symbolic knowledge innovation in the periphery, showing how the interaction of actors at macro, meso, and micro levels shaped the movement's development through three phases: idea generation, artifact development, and commercial success. The study demonstrated how the school's collective production process was highly effective, citing how Hinnerk Scheper's use of color as a recognition sign built on Herbert Bayer's mural work, which in turn was based on Wassily Kandinsky's design theories on the match between basic geometrical forms and basic colours. Read the study at Oxford Academic.
Historical Context and Origins
The Bauhaus was founded in the aftermath of World War I, during the Weimar Republic. Germany was politically unstable, economically devastated, and culturally fermenting. Gropius, who had served as an architect on the Western Front, envisioned the Bauhaus as a contribution to the rebuilding of German society. The school was established by merging the Grand Ducal Saxon Academy of Fine Arts and the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts, both in Weimar. Weimar was chosen partly because it was the city of Goethe and Schiller, lending cultural prestige to the venture.
The early Bauhaus (1919-1923) was strongly influenced by Expressionism and by the utopian social ideas of the immediate postwar period. Johannes Itten, who taught the Vorkurs, was a follower of Mazdaznan, a Zoroastrian-inspired spiritual movement, and his teaching emphasized intuition, personal expression, and spiritual discovery. Students shaved their heads, wore robes, and practiced vegetarianism. The early period was more mystical than functional.
In 1923, the Bauhaus held a major public exhibition that marked a shift in direction. Gropius adopted the slogan "Art and Technology: A New Unity," signaling a turn away from Expressionist mysticism toward industrial production and rational design. Theo van Doesburg of De Stijl gave lectures in Weimar in 1921-1922 that influenced this shift, as did the arrival of Moholy-Nagy in 1923, who replaced Itten as Vorkurs instructor. A 2025 article from the Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center explored how the ecological and landscape dimensions of the early Bauhaus in Weimar, including the Bauhaus Garden at the Model House Am Horn, have been underrepresented in Bauhaus historiographies. Read more at Black Mountain College Museum.
Key Artists and Teachers
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Gropius was the founder and first director of the Bauhaus. He was an architect who had been a member of the Deutscher Werkbund, an organization that promoted the integration of art and industry. Gropius designed the Bauhaus building in Dessau (1925-1926), which is the school's architectural masterpiece: a complex of interlocking wings with a workshop block featuring a glass curtain wall, an assembly hall, and studio spaces. The building is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928 and emigrated to the United States in 1937, where he became head of the architecture department at Harvard.
Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Kandinsky taught at the Bauhaus from 1922 to 1933. He had been a founder of Der Blaue Reiter and was one of the first abstract painters. At the Bauhaus, he taught color theory and form, developing a systematic correspondence between basic geometric forms and primary colors: the triangle with yellow, the square with red, the circle with blue. His Yellow-Red-Blue (1925, Musee National d'Art Moderne, Centre Pompidou) is a major work of his Bauhaus period, combining geometric abstraction with his earlier expressive tendencies.
Paul Klee (1879-1940)
Klee taught at the Bauhaus from 1921 to 1931. His classes on form and color theory were legendary, and his lecture notes were published as the Pedagogical Sketchbook (1925), one of the most influential texts on design education. Klee's paintings from the Bauhaus period, such as Senecio (1922, Kunstmuseum Basel) and Twittering Machine (1922, Museum of Modern Art, New York), combine playful abstraction with rigorous formal structure. Klee famously said: "Art does not reproduce the visible; rather, it makes visible."
László Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946)
Moholy-Nagy replaced Itten as Vorkurs instructor in 1923 and brought a technocratic, industrial sensibility to the school. He worked in photography, film, sculpture, and painting, and was a pioneer of photograms, cameraless photographs made by placing objects on photographic paper. His Light Prop for an Electric Stage (1930, Harvard Art Museums), also known as the Light-Space Modulator, is a kinetic sculpture that creates moving light patterns. Moholy-Nagy left the Bauhaus in 1928 and moved to Chicago in 1937, where he founded the New Bauhaus (later the Institute of Design).
Josef Albers (1888-1976)
Albers was a Bauhaus student who became a Bauhaus master. He took the Vorkurs in 1920, joined the faculty in 1923, and taught at the Bauhaus until its closure in 1933. Albers is best known for his Homage to the Square series, begun in 1949 after he emigrated to the United States and taught at Black Mountain College and then Yale. The series consists of nested squares of different colors, exploring how colors interact and affect perception. His book Interaction of Color (1963) is the foundational text on color theory in design education.
Marianne Brandt (1893-1983)
Brandt was the only woman to complete the metal workshop at the Bauhaus. Her Model No. MT 9 tea infuser (1924, Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin) is a masterpiece of industrial design: a hemisphere of silver with an ebony handle, reduced to its essential geometric forms. The Bauhaus Dessau Foundation's 2025 exhibition After Modern Brightness: Ecologies of Light examined Brandt's ME 94 lamp, designed in 1926, tracing the complex interrelations between scientific and technological developments, capitalism, and ecological transformations linked to the electrification of Germany. Read more at Bauhaus Dessau Foundation.
Phases and Evolution
The Bauhaus operated in three cities. The Weimar period (1919-1925) was the founding phase, characterized by Expressionist influence, the development of the Vorkurs, and the establishment of the workshop system. The Dessau period (1925-1932) was the mature phase, when the school moved into the purpose-built Bauhaus building designed by Gropius, the curriculum was reorganized, and the school produced its most iconic designs, including Marcel Breuer's tubular steel furniture and Brandt's metalwork. The Berlin period (1932-1933) was the final phase, under the direction of Mies van der Rohe, operating in a former telephone factory before being closed by the Nazis in August 1933.
The Bauhaus Dessau Foundation's 2025 exhibition Bauhaus Ecologies explored how ecological considerations were combined with design issues at the Bauhaus, showing that avant-garde artists of the 1920s were already thinking about the future of nature, the environment, climate, and landscape. The exhibition used objects from the collection to show encounters between crystallography and experimental film, biology and climate-friendly construction, and life sciences and abstract art. Read more at Bauhaus Dessau Foundation.
A 2025 paper published by Eurographics explored the experimental recreation of lost Bauhaus artifacts using digital technologies, focusing on the wooden decorations of the Sommerfeld House, one of the Bauhaus's earliest architectural projects, which was destroyed during World War II. Read the paper at Eurographics.
Legacy and Influence
The Bauhaus's influence on 20th-century design is incalculable. After the school was closed, its faculty and students dispersed across the world, spreading its methods and philosophy. Gropius went to Harvard. Mies van der Rohe went to Chicago and designed the Seagram Building. Moholy-Nagy founded the New Bauhaus in Chicago. Josef and Anni Albers went to Black Mountain College and then Yale. The Vorkurs became the foundation course in art schools everywhere. The Bauhaus approach to industrial design, combining function with aesthetic rigor, became the standard for modern design education.
The Bauhaus was influenced by De Stijl, whose geometric abstraction and interdisciplinary approach van Doesburg brought to Weimar in 1921-1922. It shares with Constructivism the commitment to art for social purpose and industrial production. The Bauhaus emphasis on color theory connects to Color Field painting through Albers's work. For more on the Bauhaus, read our post on the Bauhaus movement and our post on art and architecture.
See the Bauhaus in Person
The Bauhaus buildings in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and can be visited. The Bauhaus-Archiv in Berlin holds the largest collection of Bauhaus objects, including paintings, furniture, photographs, and documents. The Bauhaus Museum Weimar and the Bauhaus Museum Dessau present the school's history and work. The Harvard Art Museums hold Moholy-Nagy's Light-Space Modulator. The Museum of Modern Art in New York holds works by Klee, Kandinsky, and Albers.
If you want to trace the Bauhaus from its origins to its dissolution, start at the Bauhaus Museum Weimar for the founding period, then travel to Dessau to walk through the Bauhaus building designed by Gropius, and end at the Bauhaus-Archiv in Berlin for the comprehensive collection. You will see how a fourteen-year experiment in a small German city became the model for design education worldwide. For more on the broader context, read our entries on De Stijl and Constructivism, or explore our post on art and architecture.
